Music 254

See also the Music 254/CS 275b Syllabus.

Introduction

Music 254 has evolved over more than a decade from a seminar in music representation system to a project-oriented sandbox for applications involving the use of symbolic (discrete) musical data. (Music 252 offers an introduction to easily available notation software; Music 253 delves into the details of the professional notation program SCORE, the internal format of MIDI files, and issues in interchanging data between notation and sound.) It has been an incubator for software applications in such forward-looking areas as polyphonic query, the visualization of tonal harmony, and music query in non-Western (as well as Western) repertories.

Students in Music 254, having acquired skills in notation, MIDI, and data interchange in Music 253, explore the Humdrum Toolkit [1] to design their own research in areas appropriate to their background and interests. Previous programming experience is not necessary, but a working knowledge of musical notation and elementary concepts of music theory is.

The potential list of topics that may be covered in Music 254 is substantial, but in any given year those most salient to the skills and interests of the class are emphasized. The first month requires regular class meetings, an introduction and preliminary exercises in the use of Humdrum, and individually assigned readings in an area of mutual interest. Lab time is emphasized over the later six weeks of the quarter. Individual help with projects is available.

Arranging meeting times convenient for students from multiple schools and disciplines is a chronic problem. Those with an interest in Music 254 should contact Eleanor Selfridge-Field (esfield // at \\ stanford.edu) at their earliest convenience.

Definitions

Ultimately, all the application areas covered in Music 254 depend on music analysis. In the analogue world, most analytical techniques are applied to the elaborate explication of single works. Digital tools enable the analysis of whole repertories, but they require two things: (a) encoded music and (b) tools designed to process articulate queries.

Music query, or music search, is a specific instance of music analysis. Query can be specified musically in any number of ways--melodic search, harmonic search, rhythmic search, compositional pattern search, and so forth.

Style evaluation, or style simulation, seeks to define those musical features that constitute a particular style of composition and differentiate it from all others. Feature sets, once defined, can serve as a springboard to the generation of new music in the style of an existing repertory.

The MuseData, KernScores, and Josquin Databases

The CCARH Lab (Braun Music Center #128) provides support for a wide range of notation and analysis applications. The Center for Computer Assisted Research in the Humanities (CCARH)[2], which hosts it, originated the [[MuseData]] encoding format [3] and has encoded approximately 1,200 complete classical works.

The Humdrum Toolkit, initiated by David Huron and officially hosted at Ohio State University, is complemented by additional tools and an extensive collection of music encoded in the **kern format (KernScores [4]). Craig Stuart Sapp is also the developer of the KernScores website [5].

Both of these resources contain extensive amounts of data. The best way to become acquainted with them is to explore them systematically. KernScores will be the more useful for many projects in Music 254/CS 275B, but significant differences in data profiles should be noted. MuseData originates as part-by-part encodings. The data format is intended to support editing, printing, MIDI, and various kinds of re-purposing (re-use). Kern data is through-encoded (all parts are entered at once). MuseData principally contains large-multi-movement works (symphonies, string quartets, ensemble sonatas, operas, oratorios). KernScores principally contains keyboard music. MuseData emphasizes music composed between 1680 and 1850. KernScores has a broader reach, with small quantities of data from the Renaissance, from the early twentieth century, and from folksong repositories.

Beyond these differences in holdings, KernScores offers several paths through its hoildings. The composer and genre lists on the homepage are self-explanatory. At the top of the page, under the search window, the Guided Tour provides useful information on navigation. Data Collection Highlights shows some of the larger constellations of holdings. The Online Humdrum Editor is useful for becoming familiar with the **kern data format used in the database and also for producing short musical examples for print or online use. For full particulars on formats see the CCARH Humdrum Portal.

KernScores has a large number of pre-defined analytical capabilities at the individual work level. Some generate graphical, others alphanumeric displays. The buttons to the left of title listings employ these codes: S=Score, H=Humdrum code, M=MIDI, K=keyscape. A Z, when encountered at the head of a listing, refers to a zip file containing all of the following listings.

On individual work pages, e.g. Chopin's Prelude in C Major, Op. 67, No. 1 (Quasi improvisazione), the user can find translations of Humdrum data ("Data Formats Translation") to notation via several different pieces of software. Of these ABC+ code is among the most robust, MusicXML the most useful for import to Finale and Sibelius. Some of the other formats offer evaluate and/or weigh certain musical features for expressive performance, metrical weighting, and so forth.

The lower portion of individual work pages contains links to produce "keyscape" visualizations of harmonic structure ("keyscapes"), piano-roll views depicting individual voices in relation to each other and showing overall changes of texture, can detect chord roots, and can append them, event by event, to the preceding **kern file.

The Josquin Research Project, directed by Jesse Rodin, contains more than 1,000 pieces of music from the early Renaissance. It was started with the intention of differentiating real Josquin from false attributions to Josquin. The music it contains in in mensural notation. It is designed for musicological queries, which are facilitated through the use of a search panel on the left of the home screen. Music by the composers Dufay, de la Rue, Obrecht, and Ockeghem are included in the data pool.

The Humdrum Toolkit

The Unix-based Humdrum Toolkit originated in the mid-1980s as a small set of commands that can be chained into series to produce concise information about changes inside an encoded musical score. Although the rudiments seem simple, the diversity of questions that can be posed and answered is potentially immense. Because Humdrum is now supported on three continents, CCARH recently constructed a Humdrum portal [6] to link tools and documentation at diverse locations.

Course Topics

See also Recent Projects below.

Elements of Musical Style

What constitutes a musical style? As a classroom subject, style is often used as a lens through which to differentiate the work of different composers, genres, historical periods, places, schools of pedagogy, and so forth. It is an umbrella term to which almost any aspect of music can be related. While no one denies that the term is vague in its meaning, two individuals who have defined and articulated specific elements of musical style have also provided taxonomies that are inordinately useful in the development of computer programs for musical analysis.

LaRue's Rubrics of Style Analysis

The noted musicologist Jan LaRue (1918-2003)[7] took a top-down approach to the musical work. His taxonomy of musical features embraces a wide range of musical phenomena, most of which are frequently pertinent to classical music of the past four centuries. In his Guidelines for Style Analysis: A Comprehensive Outline of Basic Principals for the Analysis of Musical Style (New York: W.W. Norton, 1970), LaRue fleshes out his 9-part skeleton into three layers of detail.

Humdrum Lab Pages

Go to the Humdrum Lab portal for a list of exercises to get up to speed with using the Humdrum Toolkit and other programs/environments to work with Humdrum data files.

Recent and current subjects of student and visitor research

Topic ideas and technological tools vary considerably from year to year. The wide scope of projects emerging from Mus 254/CS 275B is best represented by subjects pursued over the past decade.

Degree candidacy and program indicated by initials [CS = computer science, CCRMA = Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics, DMA = Doctor of Musical Arts, EE = Electrical Engineering, MST = Music, Science, and Technology program]

• A geometric approach to content-based retrieval (CS Master's)
• A database for chord recognition (CCRMA PhD)
• A keyboard query system for Themefinder (MBA business)
• A notation system for gesture (DMA)
• A steel-drum teaching app for calypso (CS Master's)
• A tabla transcription system (CCRMA PhD)
• A transcription system for Turkish music (PhD physics)
• Algorithmic realization of basso continuo using partimento theory (PhD medicine)
• Analysis of ryoka (CCRMA MST)
• Automatic accompaniment (CCRMA MST)
• Automatic reduction from full to piano-vocal score (DMA)
• Automatic score alignment, audio-symbolic data alignment (EE Master's)
• Automatic synchonization of music and movement (CCRMA PhD)
• Beat alignment (numerous, mainly CCRMA)
• Contrapuntal analysis using the Hausdorff metric (CS Ms)
• Deep metric structure (visiting German PhD)
• Electronic composition for animations (visiting master's from Keio University)
• Encoding Zarlino's treatises with interactive music and sound (visiting Dutch PhD)
• French chant in the Norman conquest of Southern Italy (visiting PhD from Italy in music/art history)
• Generation of new Joplin rags (EE Master's)
• Harmonic Analysis and its Visualization (CCRMA PhD)
• Harpsichord tuning systems in the Italian Baroque (Co-term Music/Math)
• Interactive Leitmotif analysis tools with integrated score display and sound output (German CS master's)
• Implementation of Themefinder search tools in the RISM search engine (visiting Swiss PhD in Music/CS)
• Koto score software (visiting PhD candidate, Keio University)
• Mapping of drum gesture (PhD CS)
• Melodic analysis (PhD mathematics)
• Metrical weights following Neumann, Lerdahl, and Volk (visiting German PhD)
• Music synchronization in virtual reality (CCRMA PhD)
• Peer-to-peer query by humming (CS master's)
• Phonology and Music (CCRMA PhD)
• Pitch-tracking for South Indian Classical Music (EE PhD)
• Probabilistic style-simulation using trees (SSP undergraduate)
• Real-time voice pitch tracking in Humdrum (MST undergrad)
• Trumpet acoustics (visiting Taiwanese researcher)
• Perceptual of timbre (CCRMA PhD)
• Searching lyrics in multimedia databases with Mandarin and English (CS PhD)
• Style judgment by man and machine (EE PhD)
• Stylistic traits of Pierre de la Rue's motets (Mus undergraduate)
• Temporal calibration of gagaku (CCRMA MST)
• Visualization methods for structural analysis (MA mathematics)
• XML tools for MuseData and Themefinder (visiting Dutch researcher)

Ongoing research projects at CCARH

• Automatic PDF generation from encoded-score datasets
• Harmonic visualization of musical structure (Craig Sapp's Keyscapes)
• Bach edition and score projects in collaboration of national and international performing groups
• Corelli score, analysis, and visualization projects
• CPE Bach data translation projects (in cooperation with the Packard Humanities Institute)
• Haydn score projects in collaboration of performing groups and style analysis specialists
• Interactive search tools for the Josquin Research Project (in cooperation with Jesse Rodin)
• Handel edition and score projects in collaboration of national and international performing groups
• Handel Reference Database (in cooperation with Ilias Chrissochoidis)
• Music Encoding Initiative (in cooperation with the the University of Paderborn and the Detmold Hochschule für Musik)
• MuseData documentation and development
• Musical data translation (numerous projects and formats)
• Online implementation of mensural notation
• RISM online melodic search (in cooperation with the RISM Zentrum and the Bavarian State Library ViFaMusik project)
• Telemann edition and score projects in collaboration with the Telemann Zentrum
• Vivaldi edition and score projects in collaboration of national and international performing groups (CCARH staff)

Previous front page: http://www.ccarh.org/courses/254