Humdrum Lab 1

Bach Chorales

Download

A Humdrum Edition of the Bach Chorales is available at http://kern.ccarh.org/browse?l=371chorales

The data files can be downloaded using the humcat and humsplit commands:

    mkdir chorales
    cd chorales
    humcat -s h://370chorales | humsplit

This should create 370 files in the format chor001.krn, chor002.krn, chor003.krn, etc.

MIDI rendering

Convert a particular chorale into a MIDI file with this command:

    hum2mid chor001.krn -o chor001.mid

The data file can also be downloaded on demand:

    hum2mid h://370chorales/chor001.krn -o chor001.mid

Once the MIDI file has been created, you can open it by double-clicking in a file browser. On OS X computers, you can type:

   open chor001.mid

to do the equivalent of double-clicking. You must have a MIDI player associated with the file. For newer OS X computers, you will have to download Quicktime 7 in order to play the MIDI file (recent versions of Quicktime cannot play MIDI files).

To pan the voices in the stereo field, try the --autopan option:

    hum2mid --autopan chor001.krn -o chor001pan.mid

Graphical Music Notation

These examples use muse2ps to generate graphical notation. Music can also be notated with abcm2ps via the export to ABC+ notation with hum2abc, or to MuseScore and similar notation programs which import MusicXML using hum2xml.

Printing in a 4-staff format:

     autostem chor001.krn | hum2muse | muse2ps | ps2pdf - - > output.pdf

Printing in a grand-staff format:

     satb2gs chor001.krn | autostem | hum2muse | muse2ps | ps2pdf - - > output.pdf

Applying formatting options to the last command for prettier graphical notation:

      satb2gs chor001.krn | autostem | hum2muse | muse2ps =z21jv120,120 \
        | ps2pdf - - > output.pdf

which should produce the following graphical notation:

Key

Each chorale is hand-labeled with a musical key. To generate a histogram of key designations in the chorales:

  extract -f 1 *.krn | grep '\*.*:' | sort | uniq -c | sort

The regular expression "\*.*:</tt"> translates into English as: "find lines which have a subset of characters starting with '*' then any number of characters (.*) and then end with ':'.

Questions:

1. What is the most common key?
2. What is the most common major key?
3. What is the most common minor key?
4. What is the least common major key (other than zero counts)?
5. What is the least common minor key (other than zero counts)?
6. How many chorales are labeled as being in a modal key?

Vocal Range

To count all of the notes by pitch-class for each vocal part, use the prange command. Here is a sample command which extracts the bass part data:

  extract -f 1 *.krn | prange

or alternatively extracting by text pattern (Bass, Tenor, Alto, Soprano):

   extractx -g Bass *.krn | prange

For the bass part, the lowest note is CC (C2) and the highest note is e (E4), with a total vocal range of 28 semitones. The average (base-12) pitch is E- (E-flat 3), which is both the mean and median.

Do a similar vocal range analysis on the other three parts.

Questions:

1. Which voice has the widest range?
2. What is the highest and lowest note for each vocal part.

Melodic Intervals

Tritones can be notated as augmented 4ths (such as C-F♯) or diminished fifths (such as C–G♭).

    serialize *.krn | mint | ridx -H | grep A4 | wc -l
    serialize *.krn | mint | ridx -H | grep d5 | wc -l

Questions:

1. Which of these two spellings of the tritone are more common in the chorales?
2. How often do octaves (P8) occur in the chorales?
3. For the diminished fifth, what is the most common direction for the melodic interval, up or down? Here are commands to answer this question:

    serialize *.krn | mint | ridx -H | grep +d5 | wc -l
    serialize *.krn | mint | ridx -H | grep -- -d5 | wc -l

The double dash after grep in the second command indicates the end of options for grep, so that the string "-d5" is treated as the query rather than as the option -d5.

Searching

Create a search index for the chorales:

    tindex *.krn > chorales.index

Search for the melodic sequence "C D E F G A B C", counting how many chorales it occurs within:

   themax -p "cdefgabc" chorales.index | wc -l

To locate the pattern within the music:

   themax -p "cdefgabc" chorales.index --loc | theloc

which should return the result:

  chor190.krn::1	58=10B2-65=11B3
  chor325.krn::1	17=5B1-24=6B4

This means that the melodic pattern "cdefgabc" occurs in two chorales (190 and 325). In both cases, the bass part (::1) has the pattern. The pattern occurs from note 58 to 65 in the bass part to chorale 190 which is from measure 10 beat 2 until measure 11 beat 3. Similarly, the pattern occurs in the bass part of chorale 325 in measure 5 to 6.

The search matches can be marked in the original data:

   themax -p "cdefgabc" chorales.index --loc | theloc -m | less

Each matched note will be prefixed with an "@" sign. Search for these marks in measure 10/11 and 5/6 in the two chorales.

To pull out the measures which contain the matched notes:

       themax -p "cdefgabc" chorales.index --loc | theloc -m | myank --marks

To display matches highlighted in graphical notation:

   themax -p "cdefgabc" chorales.index --loc | head -n 1 | theloc -m \
       | autostem | hum2muse | muse2ps | ps2pdf - -  > output.pdf

Questions:

1. Search for another pattern, and report your findings.

The themax command can search for other melodic features, such as interval, contour, rhythm, meter. Here are some more example applications:

Tritone

Tritones can be notated as augmented 4ths (such as C-F♯) or diminished fifths (such as C–G♭). Which of these two versions of the tritone are more common in the chorales:

  themax -I "A4" chorales.index  --total
  themax -I "d5" chorales.index  --total