MuseData: George Frideric Handel

Operas

The Royal Academy (1719-28)

Radamisto (HWV 12b)

Radamisto was the first work Handel composed for the Royal Academy. The version we present here is from December 1720 and followed the premier by eight months. (Two further versions followed.) Nicola Francesco Haym's libretto was loosely derived from one by Matteo Noris, set by Gio. Antonio Boretti for the Teatro San Cassiano, Venice, in 1666. The haughty contralto castrato Francesco Bernardi (detto Senesino) made his first London appearance in the title role. His collaboration with Handel was to be a long one. Terence Best devised the edition presented here. It was typeset by Frances Bennion, Edmund Correia, and Steven Rasmussen at the Center for Computer Assisted Research in the Humanities in 1993.

Title	Handel Catalog	Musical content	Notes
Radamisto, v. 2	HWV 12b	Three-act opera	Ed. Terence Best for CCARH (1993)
Radamisto, v. 2	HWV 12b	Full score
Radamisto, v. 2	HWV 12b	Performing parts	V1, V2, Va, Vc, Basso, Cem; Tr1, Tr2, Hrn1, Hrn 2; Ob 1, Ob2, Tr Fl, Bn

Ottone, re di Germania (HWV 15)

Although not performed until January 1723, Handel's opera Ottone, re di Germania was composed in 1719 for the fourth season of the Royal Academy. Its eventual debut took place at the King's Theater in the Haymarket. Ottone had several debts to recent operas in Venice and Dresden. Most immediately the story of this ambitious medieval ruler of Germany, as set by the Venetian composer Antonio Lotti on a text by Stefano Benedetto Pallavicino (Saxon court poet born in Venice), had served in Dresden as a festive wedding opera (Teofane) for the Saxon elector August the Strong (1719). The text was adapted for an English audience by Nicola Francesco Haym. the typesetting for this CCARH edition was done by Edmund Correia.

Title	Catalog No.	Content	Notes
Ottone, re di Germania	HWV 96	Full score	Ed. Anthony Hicks from original sources
Ottone, re di Germania	HWV 96	Short score	Prepared for Philharmonia Baroque (1991)
Ottone, re di Germania	HWV 96	Performing parts	V1, V2, Va, Ob1, Ob2, Bn, Basso continuo

Covent Garden Theatre (1734-37)

The royal opera house at Covent Garden opened on December 7, 1732. Spoken plays constituted most of the repertory that the theater initially offered to the public. The theater was built by John Rich, manager of the Duke's Company at Lincoln's Inn Fields. There Rich's singular success rested on his support for John Gay's highly successful Beggar's Opera (1728), a low-life work with simple songs and other incidental music that satirized Italian opera and those who admired it. Its popularity heightened existing tensions with serious opera.

The new theater lay within a district of produce and flower vendors sanctioned a century earlier by royal charter. This conferred on it the designation "royal" and the right (shared only with Drury Lane) to present spoken plays to the public. The idea of interleaving opera performances a few nights week created an opening for Handel. While Ariodante was taking shape, Handel composed ballet music for a revival of Il pastor fido and assembled the pastiche Oreste, both of which were performed at the theater late in 1734.

Ariodante (HWV 33)

Handel's Ariodante was composed between August and October 1734. The London Daily Post reported on January 1 (when the work was in rehearsal) that "the Scenes prepar'd for [it] are thought to excell any Thing of the Kind that has yet appear'd." [1] Opening on 8 January 1735, it was the first new opera entirely by Handel to be performed at the Royal Theatre at Covent Garden. The castrato Giovanni Carestini sang in the title role, making a turning point for Handel, who had until then had fashioned title roles for Francesco Bernardi ("Il Senesino").

Antonio Salvi's text (then called Ginevra in Scozia) was originally composed in 1708 for a production (with music by Giacomo Perti) at Pratolino (Florence). It became better known through Carlo Francesco Pollarolo's setting (as Ariodante) for San Giovanni Grisostomo, Venice, in November 1716. It was this opera production that launched the stellar career of Faustina Bordoni, whose voice was by now celebrated throughout Europe. The typesetting for the CCARH edition of Ariodante was done by Frances Bennion and Edmund Correia, Jr.

Title	Catalog No.	Contents	Notes
Ariodante	HWV 33	Opera in three acts	Edited by Mark Stahura (1995)
Ariodante	HWV 33	Full score
Ariodante	HWV 33	Short score
Ariodante	HWV 33	Performing parts	Fl1, Fl2, Ob1, Ob2; Hrn1, Hrn2, Tr1, Tr2; V1, V2, V3, Va, Bassi, Basso continuo

 Ariodante score and parts.

Alcina (HWV 34)

Alcina opened at Covent Garden on 16 April 1735. The score, which had been started early in February, was completed only eight days earlier. Anna Maria Strada del Pò took the title role. It was a popular work, enjoying eighteen performances in 1735 and three more in 1737.

Beginning of the "Bird of May" (arrangement of the Musette movement) for violin and basso continuo from Handel's Alcina. Glasgow University Library.

Rich in the use of "woodland" instruments (flutes, piccolo, and oboes), a few excerpts took on a life of their own in such editions as John Walsh's Alcina for a flute, containing the overture, songs, and symphonys curiously transpos'd and fitted for the flute. John Bland's Bird of May: To a favourite aire in Alcina by Mr. Handel prompted John Simpson to issue Bird of May: To a nightingale....The adieu to the Spring Garden at Vaux Hall, and many further issues, all in 1735 and 1736. The basis for this "favourite aire" was nothing other than the Musette movement of the opera's overture. The rest of the eighteenth century, in which images of natural innocence were highly valued, was filled with musical depictions of nightingales.

The sorceress Alcina had a long history on the opera stage. Antonio Fanzaglia's libretto had been written for Riccardo Broschi's opera L'isola di Alcina, which had been performed in Rome in 1728. It was based on Cantos 6 and 7 of Ludovico Ariosto's Orlando furioso. The role of the knight Ruggiero is retained, but others have been modified. Handel, who had become acquainted with the text during his visit to Italy in 1729, revised the music in 1736 and again in 1737, leading to a production in Brunswick in 1738.

Stage witches were intended to be alluring enchantresses. This set them radically apart from countless alleged witches, who had been burned at the stake in considerable numbers under the edict of James I. The subject was highly topical when Alcina was performed, because King George II would very soon modify James's Witchcraft Act (1604) by reducing the sentence to fines and imprisonment, with effect from June 24, 1736.

The 1868 edition of Alcina by the Händel Gesellschaft (the German Handel Society) is available for viewing and download (1868 edition of Handel's Alcina at the Vifamusik website)

Atalanta (HWV 35)

Handel's Atalanta opened at Covent Garden on 12 May 1736. It followed on the heels of a revival the week before of Ariodante in which the Italian castrato Gioacchino Conti (detto Ghiziello) was now featured in the title role. Conti's appearance generated such praise that he was soon ranked as superior to Carlo Broschi (detto Farinelli). Conti's voice was celebrated for its agility and the singer's control over pitch.

The original text of Atalanta, by Belisario Valeriani, was entitled La caccia in Etolia, which was originally set by Fortunato Chelleri (Ferrara, 1715). It formed the basis of revivals and new settings given in Modena (1716), Ravenna (1726), Florence (1727), and Vienna (1733). The music comes from Handel's autograph in the British Library, with some modifications from pertinent materials in the Manchester Public Library.

Title	Catalog No.	Content	Notes
Atalanta	HWV 35	Three-act pastoral	Edited by Edmund Correia, Jr. (2005)
Atalanta	HWV 35	Full score
Atalanta	HWV 35	Vocal score
Atalanta	HWV 35	Parts	V1, V2, Va; Tr1, Tr2, Tr3, Tmp; Ob1, Ob2, Hrn1, Hrn2; Basso continuo

Arminio (HWV 36)

Composed in September 1736, Arminio was first performed at Covent Garden on 12 January 1737. Antonio Salvi's text on Arminius (Hermann), the Germanic chief who defeated Roman legions in the first years of the first century, had been written for an earlier setting (Pratolino, 1703) by Alessandro Scarlatti. The subject itself had been treated in Venetian operas of the later seventeenth century.

Arminio was not by any measure one of Handel's more successful operas. After its initial six performances, it had no revivals, nor did it generate any significant number of circulated offshoots. Some cast members were little known to London audiences. In particular, the castrato Domenico Annibali, who sang in the title role, was well known at the Dresden court, his principal place of employment, for his appearances in the operas of Johann Adolf Hasse, but had no particular impact in London.

The German Handel Society edition is available for download from Vifamusik: Arminio (1882 edn.).

Giustino (HWV 37)

Composed during a three-week period starting on August 14, 1736, Giustino had its premier at Covent Garden on February 17, 1737. It was more successful than Arminio in that ten performances were given over a four-month period. The text had been inspired by that of Niccolò Beregan (Venice 1683), for Giovanni Legrenzi's like-named work, and its adaptation by Pietro Pariati (Bologna 1711; Rome 1724).

A flute arrangement of the "overture, songs and symphonys" was published soon after its premier by John Walsh (London, 1737) under the title Justin. Specific items within the work were recycled by Handel in subsequent operas and oratorios. The Händel Gesellschaft edition can be downloaded from Vifamusik: Giustino.

Berenice (HWV 38)

Berenice, the final opera in Handel's Covent Garden series, opened on May 18 1737. Handel had composed it from mid-December to late January. Anna Maria Strada del Pò was featured in the title role.

Its libretto, by Antonio Salvi, had been written in 1709 for performance at the Villa of Pratolino (Florence). As a subject for dramatization, Berenice had much older roots in Renaissance commedia. Interest in it had been rekindled in the late seventeenth century by Racine's stage tragedy. It was conveyed to the musical stage by a spectacular setting for the Contarini Villa at Piazzola (near Treviso). The work was recast for Venice (1711) as Le gare di politica e di Amore by Gio. Maria Ruggieri.

The Händel Gesellschaft edition is available for download from Vifamusik: Berenice.

King's Theatre, Haymarket (1738-39)

Faramondo (HWV 39)

Handel's first opera for the King's Theater opened on January 3, 1738. Faramondo, based on a libretto by Apostolo Zeno, was composed between November 15 and December 24, 1737.

Serse (HWV 40)

The music for Serse, based on librettos by Niccolo Minato and Silvio Stampiglia, was composed on the heels of Faramondo, between December 26 (1737) and February 14 (1738). Its first performance took place on April 15.

Theatre Royal, Lincoln's Inn Fields (1740-1741)

Imeneo (HWV 41)

Handel composed the music for Imeneo in September 1738 and revised it in October 1740. The first performance took place on St. Cecilia's Day (November 22) of that year in the Theatre Royal at Lincoln's Inn Fields. The text was derived from one by Silvio Stampiglia.

Deidamia (HWV 42)

Just after completing Imeneo Handel began work on Deidamia. For it he turned to a libretto by Paolo Antonio Rolli. His score was completed by November 20. The work had its first performance on January 10, 1741, at the Theatre Royal.

Incidental Music

The Alchemist (HWV 43)

Handel's incidental music for Ben Jonson's play was scored for a minimal ensemble of string quartet, two oboes, and basso continuo. Elements of it were composed as early as 1710. It was performed on December 20, 1733.

There is a blissful shade of bow'rs (HWV 44)

In June 1745 Handel traveled to Exton, the estate of the Earl of Gainsborogh, where John Milton's Comus was to be performed. He obliged his host by composing this serenata, which consists only of three airs and a later famous chorus, "Happy, happy, happy plains," which is repeated after each air.

Alceste (HWV 45)

Tobias Smollett's play (also known as Alcides) features the muse Calliope, the god Apollo, and Charon, boatman of Hades. Handel composed incidental music for it between December 27, 1749, and January 8, 1750. No performance is documented. It is a substantial work with an overture, a "grand entree," several choruses, and arias for the principal singers. Some numbers soon appeared in Alexander Balus.

Early Oratorios (1707-1718)

Handel's early oratorios are largely lost. The first two were composed in Rome. The third may not have been performed at all. The first and fourth same to life after extensive revisions in the 1730s.

Il trionfo del Tempo e del Disinganno (BWV 46a, 46b)

The first version of this oratorio was composed in Rome in the spring of 1707. A second version (46b) was assembled, with extensive new music and the addition of bassoon and horns, in the spring of 1737 in London. It was performed at the Theatre Royal, Covent Garden, on March 23, 1737.

La Resurrezzione di Nostro Signor Gesù Cristo (BWV 47)

La resurrezione was performed at the Palazzo Bonelli, Rome, on Easter (April 8) 1708. Music not extant. The libretto was by Carlo Sigismondo Capece.

Der für die Sünde der Welt (Brockes Passion, BWV 48)

The Brockes Passion was composed in London in 1716/17 but was performed in Hamburg Cathedral on April 3, 1719.

Masques

Handel's move to England led him to set English poetry and librettos as circumstances demand. Despite complaints about his poor spoken English, he was a willing learner and an apt pupil.

Acis and Galatea (HWV 49a, 49b)

The two versions of Acis and Galatea, a masque in two acts, were based on John Gay's work, which was derived from texts by Alexander Pope (1688-1744) and John Hughes (1677-1720). They were separated by 14 years. The earlier version features four soloists, a chorus, and a wind-and-string orchestra. It evokes bucolic scenes (as in Galatea's "Ye verdant plains and woody mountains") and abounds in good cheer, into which Polyphemus intrudes. This version was performed at Cannons, the home of the Duke of Chandos, in the summer of 1718.

The later version (HWV49b) was performed at the King's Theatre, Haymarket, on June 10, 1732. Two vocal roles were added, and the orchestra was more varied. It was now in three parts with substantially revised and expanded music. Handel's autograph manuscript is here.

Esther (HWV 50a)

The masque version of Esther (HWV 50a) was composed in 1718. It was dedicated to the Earl of Carnarvon, later the Duke of Chandos, and was performed for the first time at his estate, Cannons, around August 23, 1720.

It had strong synergies with London social and literary circles of the time. Derived from the Old-Testament book of the same name, its text was composed of passages from Alexander Pope [2], John Gay [3], and the satirist John Arbuthnot [4]. Arbuthnot was a friend of Handel's in the 1710s and played an important role in establishing the Royal Academy of Music in 1719.

The masque (HWV 50a), which was also known under the title Haman and Mordecai, consisted of only six scenes. The text was derived from Jean Racine's drama of 1689 by Alexander Pope and John Arbuthnot (1667-1735).

Later Oratorios (1733-1751)

The revisions to Esther that Handel made in 1732 seemed to revive his interest in the genre. Most of the oratorios he wrote over the next eighteen years enjoyed significant popularity. Their choruses became a stimulus to the formation of choral societies. The choral societies in turn made their own modifications to the works, thus feeding the mill of revised versions. Meanwhile, London publishers undertook to publish both arias from Handel's operas and various pieces from the oratorios. Many oratorios were published in their entirety in the latter half of the century, even though the publication of an entire opera was all but unknown.

Esther (BWV 50b)

Esther had perhaps the longest run of any of Handel's oratorios. When Handel revised his earlier masque (HWV 50a) to flesh out Esther (HWV 50b) in 1732, he added substantial material. (Handel's autograph manuscript for Esther is here.) This second version (HWV 50b) is a fully fledged oratorio of three acts requiring a large cast and orchestra. Its first performance was given at the King's Theater, Haymarket, on May 2, 1732.

It was performed, with minor revisions, over and over for the next 25 years. Its success served as a stimulus to many of Handel's later oratorios. Printed versions were offered by William Randall (1776) and H. Wright (c. 1783). Two others close to Handel's works--the editors John Walsh and Samuel Arnold--were subscribers.

Deborah (HWV 51)

Handel included pieces from several earlier works in Deborah, a three-act oratorio based on the text of Samuel Humphreys. He completed the score in February 1733. It was performed at the King's Theater, Haymarket, on March 17 of that year. Deborah had repeated performances through 1756. Together with Esther and Athalia, it was one of his most famous oratorios. A partial autograph is here.

Athalia (HWV 52)

The text for the oratorio Athalia was written by Samuel Humphreys, who derived it from Jean-Baptiste Racine (1691). This oratorio had its premiere in the Sheldonian Theatre, Oxford, on July 10, 1733. It had numerous other performances through 1756. The autograph manuscript is here.

Saul (HWV 53)

Composed summer 1738, Saul was first performed in the Haymarket Theatre on January 16, 1739. The libretto, based on the First and Second Books of Samuel, was by Charles Jennens. Like many of Handel's mature oratorios, it had a long afterlife (London performances 1739-1754), followed by a continued presence in print. Saul may represent the pinnacle of Handel's efforts to constantly rethink his material. Some folios are a blizzard of changes, with the underlying music rendered difficult to decipher. The full autograph manuscript is here.

A London edition (by William Randall) of 1773 may be seen at the Haendel-Haus in Halle, Germany (Handel's birthplace). Consult the "Digitalisate: Musikalien- und Büchersammlung" [Digitized music and books] section of the "Bibliothek" [Library] at this link: [5].

Israel in Egypt (HWV 54)

Israel in Egypt portrays the lamentations of the Israelites for the death of Joseph and narrates their exodus. The manuscript was completed on November 1, 1738. The first performance was given at the King's Theatre on April 4, 1739. Many of its choruses are well-known and foreshadow those of Messiah. The oratorio was performed through 1758.

L'Allegro, il Penseroso, ed il Moderato (HWV 55)

Most of us would not think of this adaptation of John Milton's L'Allegro ed il Penseroso (1632) as having the makings of an oratorio, but with the addition of Charles Jennens' Il Moderato to give it a three-part structure, that is what it became. Its rich orchestration adds trumpet, timpani, and carillon to Handel's more usual wind-and-string core. It had its premiere at the Theatre Royal on February 27, 1740. The role of Moderation is modest, but its inclusion is necessary for the final chorus, "Thy pleasures, Moderation, give, in them alone we truly live." The work quickly found an audience in Dublin and enjoyed considerable popularity through 1755.

Messiah (HWV 56)

Handel in Dublin

Handel had been invited by the Duke of Devonshire, who was then Viceroy of Ireland, to go to Dublin in the autumn of 1741. He had many enthusiastic fans in the English community there. A series of subscription concerts that was organized there late in the year was a raging success. Some of his best-loved works were featured. They included the Te Deum and Jubilate (December 10); L'Allegro, il Penseroso, ed il Moderato (December 23), on John Milton's text [6]; repeated by command of the Viceroy on January 13, 1742; and a double bill featuring Acis and Galatea with Alexander's Feast on January 20th, with an encore performance a week later. Each concert included concertos in addition to vocal and choral works. The concerts were given in the new Neale's Music Hall on Fishamble St. Handel wrote to Charles Jennens on December 29, 1741, that the most recent subscription concert [December 23] attracted an audience of 600, among which were not only "Ladyes of Distinction" but also "many Bishops, Deans, Heads of the Colledge, [and] the most eminent People in the Law...all of which are very much taken with [Milton's] poetry." [Baselt, IV, 341].

The series continued with other of Handel's best-loved works--Acis and Galatea paired with The Ode for St. Cecilia's Day, based on the text of John Dryden [7], on January 20 and 27, 1742. Jonathan Swift [8], then dean of St. Patrick's Cathedral [9], Dublin, was persuaded by the growing reputation of the performances to permit eight of his singers to join the weekly programs of the Charitable Musical Society (through which all the concerts were benefits).

Samson (HWV 57)

Handel's three-act oratorio Samson is based on Newburgh Hamilton's reworking of John Milton's epic poem Samson Agonistes of 1671. It was composed in September and October 1741, revised in 1742, and performed for the first time on February 18, 1743 at the Theatre Royal, Covent Garden. Several revivals followed over the coming years. It remained in the repertory up to Handel's death.

• Autograph score (British Library), preceded by critical notes, is here.

Semele (HWV 58)

Handel's oratorio was composed in the early summer of 1743. It was indebted to a 1706 opera of the same name set by John Eccles on a text by William Congreve, who in turn was inspired by Ovid's Metamorphoses. The premiere took place at the Theatre Royal, Covent Garden the following year. Semele is notable for its numerous choruses, imaginative orchestration, and the punctuation of Jupiter's rage. These traits present a steady crescendo through all of Handel's oratorios of the 1740s, although Semele, which had its premier on 10 February 1744, had few revivals in Handel's lifetime. The Philharmonia Baroque performances, based on this edition by Frances Bennion, Nicholas McGegan, and Eleanor Selfridge-Field, took place in the year 2000.

The performance materials below were produced from the same edition, which is based on these sources: GB-Lbl [British Library] R.M. 20.c.2, R.M. 20.f.7. RM 18.e.4, R.M. 19.d.6, R.M. 19.b.3; the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, 30 H 9; and the Gerald Coke Papers, A 25.

Title	Catalog No.	Content	Notes
Semele	HWV 58	Oratorio in three parts	First performed London 1744; CCARH edn. 2000 by Frances Bennion, Nicholas McGegan, and Eleanor Selfridge-Field
Semele	HWV 58	Full score
Semele	HWV 58	Vocal/choral score
Semele	HWV 58	Parts	V1, V2, Va; Ob1, Ob2; Hrn 1, Hrn2, Tr1, Tr2, Timp; Basso Continuo

• Downloadable score

• Downloadable parts

• Autograph score (British Library) with critical notes

Joseph and his brethren (HWV 59)

The oratorio Joseph and his brethren is based on a text by James Miller's paraphrase from the Book of Moses. Its premiere was given at the Theatre Royal, Covent Garden, on March 2, 1744. It had revivals in 1745, 1747, and 1751.

• Autograph score (British Library), preceded by critical notes, is here.

Hercules (HWV 60)

Hercules, a three-act "musical drama," was fashioned by Thomas Broughton (1704-1744) from material by Sophocles and Ovid. The music was composed in 1744, while the first performance took place at the King's Theatre, Haymarket, on January 5, 1745. The work was revived in 1749 and 1752.

• Autograph score (British Library), preceded by critical notes, is here.

Belshazzar (HWV 61)

Composed autumn 1743. Performed 1745-1758.

Judas Maccabaeus (HWV 63)

Composed summer 1746. Revised many times. Performed 1747-1759.

Joshua (HWV 64)

Composed summer 1747. Performed 1748-54.

Alexander Balus (HWV 65)

Composed summer 1747. Performed 1748, 1754.

Susanna (HWV 66)

Susanna and the Elders, print by George Pencz (c1500-1550), Elisha Whittelsey Collection, Metropolitan Museum of Art DP855459, CC)

Handel's oratorio Susanna, which is based on a story from the Apocrypha here conveyed in an anonymous text, had its first performance in London on February 10, 1749, six months after it was completed. It was shortened ten years later, but Handel did not live to attend the second performance (March 9, 1759). Both performances took place at Covent Garden. Susanna was the first major work by Handel encoded and edited digitally by CCARH (1989) under the supervision of Nicholas McGegan, John Roberts, and Eleanor Selfridge-Field.

Handel's Susanna (HWV 66)
Scores:
Full score (front matter, part 1, part 2, part 3)
Choral score
Vocal score
Parts:
Oboe 1, Oboe 2, Trumpet Violin 1, Violin 2, Violin 3, Viola, Basso continuo

Solomon (HWV 67)

Composed spring 1748. Performed 1749, 1759.

Theodora (HWV 68)

Composed summer 1749. Performed 1750, 1755.

Jephtha (HWV 70)

Composed January-August 1751. Performed 1752-1758.

Cantatas, Odes, and Serenatas

Clori, Tirsi, e Fileno (HWV 96)

This pastoral cantata for three voices, composed in 1707, was considered lost until recent times. The noted Handel scholar Anthony Hicks edited this version, which had its first modern performances by Philharmonia Baroque in San Francisco, Berkeley, and Palo Alto in 1989. Lorraine Hunt Lieberson portrayed the indecisive shepherdess who could not choose between her suitors. The archlute continuo part included here for Fileno's aria "Come la rondinella" (2.13)--in which Clori's retreat is likened to the Egyptian swallow returning to its nest--was requisitioned by Hicks and the whole performed by Philharmonia Barqoue, under Nicholas McGegan. It was recorded for Harmonia Mundi in 1992. The cantata is also known by the opening text "Cor fedele, in vano speri" ("My faithful heart, you hope in vain").

Title	Catalog No.	Content	Notes
Clori, Tirsi, e Fileno	HWV 96	Cantata à 3
Clori, Tirsi, e Fileno	HWV 96	Score
Clori, Tirsi, e Fileno	HWV 96	Short score
Clori, Tirsi, e Fileno	HWV 96	Archlute obbligato for aria 2.13

Ode for the Birthday of Queen Anne (HWV 74)

Composed 1713, revised 1714, but not performed.

Acis and Galatea (HWV 49)

Serenata composed in 1718, revised in 1732.

Alexander's Feast (HWV 75)

Handel composed the music for John Dryden's poem Alexander's Feast, or The Power of Music in 1736. It proved to be one of his best-loved works. Performances continued through 1755.

After his defeat of Darius in ancient Persopolis [10] (modern-day Iran) in 330 BCE, Alexander held a lavish feast. The poem Handel set was adapted by Newburgh Hamilton [11] from the original work by John Dryden. Published in 1697, three years before Dryden's death, it was subtitled A Song in Honor of St. Cecilia, and was written to celebrate the feast (November 22) of the patroness saint of musicians. Every verse was followed by a chorus.

Hamilton, who was from County Tyrone (then Ireland), also wrote the texts for Handel's Samson (1743) and the Occasional Oratorio (1746).

Ode for St. Cecilia's Day (HWV 76)

Composed in 1739 on Dryden's "From harmony, from heav'nly harmony," the Ode for St. Cecilia's Day was first performed at Lincoln's Inn Fields Theater with Alexander's Feast on November 22, 1739. It enjoyed instant popularity. In concerts it was usually paired with other odes and serenatas from this period.

L'Allegro, Il Penseroso ed il Moderato (HWV 55)

Composed 1740 on text adapted from Milton by J. Harris and Charles Jennens (part III). Performed through 1755.

Instrumental Music

The extensive studies of the late Anthony Hicks on Handel's operas and oratorios persuaded him that Handel's instrumental works were rarely conceived in isolation from his stage works. For many amateur musicians of the early eighteenth century the separate prints of instrumental pieces were nonetheless warmly welcomed, for they enabled players to appeal to prospective audiences without the expense of careful preparation of stage works. It is difficult now to regularly link specific pieces with components of stage performances unless some clue was left by the composer himself. Handel was notorious for recycling musical ideas, but considering the extent of his output, it cannot be said that he compromised either his models or their resemblance in works composed downstream.

Trio sonatas Op. 2 (1730)

This set of trio sonatas for two violins (or two flutes or two oboes) with basso continuo had a curious history, for it was not authorized by Handel. A 1730 print ostensibly by the Amsterdam publisher Michel Charles Le Cène was in fact a new opus printed in London. Such subterfuges were not unknown in book or music publishing at the time, and when the creative artist was famous, it was a risky proposition. The actual publisher, John Walsh, regularly "reprinted" volumes brought out by Le Cène, though often with changed orders and selections of works. But for the absence of a true Le Cène model, the sonatas of Op. 2 were such a case. The contents of the Walsh print of 1733 were not entirely the same as those of the 1730 imposter. Handel was paranoid about the theft of intellectual property, which in his case meant the physical trays of set type from which prints were made. Arias from his operas were in especially high demand.

In this case Handel benefitted from the Walsh 1733 print, for it was much discussed on account of its evolving identity and sold well. The optional use of flutes and/or oboes accommodated the (then) current popularity of celebrations of nature. The flute was associated with bird calls, and pamphlets of instruction on how to imitate particular species on the flute were easily available. It is unclear why these works were published at the time other than to accommodate such changes of taste. The dates of composition ranged over two decades, from 1699 onward.

Friedrich Chrysander, who produced editions of nearly all of Handel's music, complicated the Le Cène-Walsh story by adding a further four works (HWV 386a, HWV 392, HWV 393, HWV 394) to the six accepted ones. These added works are generally now considered to be spurious.

No.	Cat. No.	Genre / Instruments	Key	Score
No. 1	HWV 386b	Trio sonata / 2V [alt 2Fl or 2Ob], Bc	B Minor
No. 2	HWV 387	Trio sonata / 2V [alt 2Fl or 2Ob], Bc	G Minor
No. 3	HWV 388	Trio sonata / 2V [alt 2Fl or 2Ob], Bc	B♭ Major
No. 4	HWV 389	Trio sonata / 2V [alt 2Fl or 2Ob], Bc	F Major
No. 5	HWV 390	Trio sonata / 2V [alt 2Fl or 2Ob], Bc	G Minor
No. 6	HWV 391	Trio sonata / 2V [alt 2Fl or 2Ob], Bc	G Minor

Concertos for Two Oboes, Two Bassoons, Strings, and Continuo, Op. 3

As in the later orchestral suites, Op. 6, Handel plays with instrument pairings here. He may assign a common part to oboe/bassoon pairs, to oboe/violin pairs, or to both oboes. Handel's instrumentation is notably fluid in its arrangements. Cello and Basso continuo may have a common part or differentiated parts. The cello may be doubled by a bassoon. Handel is famously diligent about dropping the reinforcing part mid-movement without ever having specified it at the outset. His overall aim of varied approaches is eminently clear.

Music encoded by Steve Rasmussen.

Work No.	Cat. No.	Genre / Instruments	Key	Score
No. 1	HWV 312	Concerto / 2Ob, 2Bn; 2Vn, 2Va, Vc, Bc	B♭ Major
No. 2	HWV 313	Concerto / 2Ob, 2Bn; 2Vn, 2Va, Vc, Bc	B♭ Major
No. 3	HWV 314	Concerto / 2Ob, 2Bn; 2Vn, 2Va, Vc, Bc	G Major
No. 4	HWV 315	Concerto / 2Ob, 2Bn; 2Vn, 2Va, Vc, Bc	F Major
No. 5	HWV 316	Concerto / 2Ob, 2Bn; 2Vn, 2Va, Vc, Bc	F Major
No. 6	HWV 317	Concerto / 2Ob, 2Bn; 2Vn, 2Va, Vc, Bc	D Major

Trio sonatas Op. 5 (1739)

The seven trio sonatas published as Op. 5 give the impression of a miscellany incorporating pieces related to overtures for anthems and dances from various operas. Yet in contrast to the set in Op. 2, this print was authorized. The set was published at a time when Handel's operas were being produced at the King's Theater in the Haymarket.

Work No.	Catalogue No.	Genre / Intruments	Key	Score
No. 1	HWV 396	Trio sonata / 2V, Bc	A Major
No. 2	HWV 397	Trio sonata / 2V, Bc	D Major
No. 3	HWV 398	Trio sonata / 2V, Bc	E Minor
No. 4	HWV 399	Trio sonata / 2V, Bc	G Major
No. 5	HWV 400	Trio sonata / 2V, Bc	G Minor
No. 6	HWV 401	Trio sonata / 2V, Bc	F Major
No. 7	HWV 402	Trio sonata / 2V, Bc	B♭ Major

Orchestral Concerti Op. 6

The orchestral concertos presented here were first performed between September 29 and October 30, 1739. They were conceived as orchestral pieces, but each one takes a slightly different approach to the concerto idea. Like the concerto grosso, each work has separate parts for principal violins, but the way the parts proceed is unpredictable. In the first two works the principal violins are differentiated by their melodic importance in the slow movements. In many others, the first principal and the first ripieno instruments may be paired against the second principal and second ripienos. In some slow movements there is relatively little independence of parts and a lot of unison scoring. It seems that Handel at this juncture was seeking simplification, and perhaps concentrating on plaintive expression, as in the slow movement of the final piece, No. 12, more than frenzied activity. True virtuosic writing is largely absent, but the scope of elaboration of his melodies is large. Oboe parts (largely duplicating the violins) were later added to Nos. 1, 2, 5, and 6.

Work, No.	Catalogue No.	Genre / Instruments	Key	Score
Op. 6, No. 1	HWV 319	Concerto / V1 V2; V1 V2 Va Vc Bc	G Major
Op. 6, No. 2	HWV 320	Concerto / V1 V2; V1 V2 Va Vc Bc	F Major	Full score
Op. 6, No. 3	HWV 321	Concerto / V1 V2; V1 V2 Va Vc Bc	E Minor	Full score
Op. 6, No. 4	HWV 322	Concerto / V1 V2; V1 V2 Va Vc Bc	A Minor	Full score
Op. 6, No. 5	HWV 323	Concerto / V1 V2; V1 V2 Va Vc Bc	D Major	Full score
Op. 6, No. 6	HWV 324	Concerto / V1 V2; V1 V2 Va Vc Bc	G Minor	Full score
Op. 6, No. 7	HWV 325	Concerto / V1 V2; V1 V2 Va Vc Bc	B♭ Major	Full score
Op. 6, No. 8	HWV 326	Concerto / V1 V2; V1 V2 Va Vc Bc	C Minor	Full score
Op. 6, No. 9	HWV 327	Concerto / V1 V2; V1 V2 Va Vc Bc	D Minor	Full score
Op. 6, No. 10	HWV 328	Concerto / V1 V2; V1 V2 Va Vc Bc	D Minor
Op. 6, No. 11	HWV 329	Concerto / V1 V2; V1 V2 Va Vc Bc	A Major	Full score
Op. 6, No. 12	HWV 330	Concerto / V1 V2; V1 V2 Va Vc Bc	B Minor	Full score

References

• Handel Reference Database.

• William H. Grattan Flood. A History of Irish Music.